Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O aparecimento frequente de paralisia hemidiafragmática durante o bloqueio interescalênico restringe seu uso em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória. O bloqueio supraclavicular pode ser uma opção segura e eficaz. Nosso objetivo primário foi avaliar a incidência de paralisia hemidiafragmática após bloqueio supraclavicular guiado por ultrassom e compará-lo com o bloqueio interescalênico. Métodos: Os adultos agendados para cirurgia eletiva do ombro sob anestesia regional (Hospital Universitário de Toulouse) foram prospectivamente incluídos neste estudo observacional, de maio de 2016 a maio de 2017. Vinte mililitros de ropivacaína a 0,375% foram injetados, preferencialmente objetivando a interseção da primeira costela e da artéria subclávia. A excursão diafragmática foi medida por ultrassonografia antes e 30 minutos após a anestesia regional. Uma redução ≥ 25% na excursão diafragmática durante um sniff test definiu a paralisia hemidiafragmática. Dispneia e hipoxemia foram registradas na sala de recuperação. Fatores preditivos de paralisia hemidiafragmática (sexo, idade, peso, tabagismo, capacidade funcional) foram explorados. A dor pós-operatória também foi avaliada. Resultados: Quarenta e dois e 43 pacientes dos grupos bloqueio supraclavicular e bloqueio interescalênico, respectivamente, foram avaliados. A incidência de paralisia hemidiafragmática foi de 59,5% no grupo bloqueio supraclavicular em comparação com 95,3% no grupo bloqueio interescalênico (p < 0,0001). O movimento paradoxal do diafragma foi mais comum no grupo bloqueio interescalênico (RR = 2, 95% IC 1,4-3; p = 0,0001). Uma variação semelhante na saturação de oxigênio foi registrada entre os pacientes com e sem paralisia hemidiafragmática (p = 0,08). Nenhum fator preditivo de paralisia hemidiafragmática pôde ser identificado. O consumo de morfina e o maior escore na escala numérica (NRS) em 24 horas não diferiram entre os grupos. Conclusão: Devido à frequente incidência de paralisia hemidiafragmática após bloqueio supraclavicular, essa técnica não pode ser recomendada para pacientes com função respiratória alterada.

Abstract Background and objectives: The frequent onset of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis during interscalene block restricts its use in patients with respiratory insufficiency. Supraclavicular block could be a safe and effective alternative. Our primary objective was to assess the incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis following ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block and compare it to that of interscalene block. Methods: Adults warranting elective shoulder surgery under regional anesthesia (Toulouse University Hospital) were prospectively enrolled from May 2016 to May 2017 in this observational study. Twenty millilitres of 0.375% Ropivacaine were injected preferentially targeted to the “corner pocket”. Diaphragmatic excursion was measured by ultrasonography before and 30 minutes after regional anesthesia. A reduction ≥25% in diaphragmatic excursion during a sniff test defined the hemidiaphragmatic paralysis. Dyspnoea and hypoxaemia were recorded in the recovery room. Predictive factors of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (gender, age, weight, smoking, functional capacity) were explored. Postoperative pain was also analysed. Results: Forty-two and 43 patients from respectively the supraclavicular block and interscalene block groups were analysed. The incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis was 59.5% in the supraclavicular block group compared to 95.3% in the interscalene block group (p < 0.0001). Paradoxical movement of the diaphragm was more common in the interscalene block group (RR = 2, 95% CI 1.4-3; p = 0.0001). A similar variation in oxygen saturation was recorded between patients with and without hemidiaphragmatic paralysis (p = 0.08). No predictive factor of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis could be identified. Morphine consumption and the highest numerical rating scale numerical rating scale (NRS) at 24 hours did not differ between groups. Conclusions: Given the frequent incidence of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis following supraclavicular block, this technique cannot be recommended for patients with an altered respiratory function.

Resumen: El lazo histórico en los sectores significativos de las ciencias sociales entre la crítica social y la emancipación parece estar en riesgo, tanto en el campo académico como en el político, particularmente en Francia actual. Es a partir de estas apuestas que se dibuja la perspectiva de una reconfiguración comprensivo-pragmática de una teoría crítica con apoyos emancipadores en las ciencias sociales. Para ello, se abordan alternativamente ciertas desventuras académicas actuales de las relaciones entre la crítica sociológica y la emancipación, y luego las tensiones entre la sociología crítica de Pierre Bourdieu y la filosofía de la emancipación de Jacques Rancière. La sociología de inspiración libertaria de Alfredo Errandonea es utilizada como un recurso en este marco.

Abstract: The historical link in significant sectors of social sciences between social criticism and emancipation seems at risk, in the academic and political fields, quite particularly in France today. It is from these stakes that takes shape the perspective of a comprehensive-pragmatic reconfiguration of a critical theory with emancipators supports in social sciences. For that purpose, are alternately envisaged certain current academic misadventures of relationships between sociological criticism and emancipation, and then the tensions between Pierre Bourdieu’s critical sociology and Jacques Rancière’s philosophy of emancipation. Alfredo Errandonea's sociology, drawing from an anarchistic inspiration, is used as a resource in this case.

RESUMO: Palestra, um centro de treinamento para mulheres (1919-1940), é considerada um estandarte do que é chamado de “Método Natural de educação física”, concebido pelo comandante francês Georges Hébert (1875-1957). Este método se tornaria a base do currículo de educação física na França até 1959. Surpreendentemente, muito pouco foi pesquisado sobre a Palestra, e seu papel é subestimado, provavelmente por ter se situado entre os resorts turísticos mundanos que existiam na costa da Normandia, com suas atividades recreativas, cassinos e teatros. A partir de uma análise descritiva de documentos, demonstraremos que a Palestra era inovadora e um modelo holístico pedagógico de educação física, recreação e naturismo, que contribuiu para transformação da educação física, da sensibilização social e da representação do corpo feminino na França no período entre guerras.

ABSTRACT: Education and leisure are at times considered contradictory, at times complementary concepts. Pedagogues who pioneered new education methods in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, such as Maria Montessori or Célestin Freinet, embraced the two. This is also the case for the Palestra, a training centre created in 1918 by the French naval commander Georges Hébert (1875-1957) (DELAPLACE, 2005; PHILIPPE-MEDEN, 2015). The Palestra is considered the “flagship” of what was called “Méthode naturelle d’éducation physique, virile et morale”, a natural method that combined training of physical capacities, courage and morality (HÉBERT, 1941), developed by Georges Hébert between 1903 and 1904 at the battalion of marine fusiliers of Lorient. This method was the reference for ministerial directions on physical education in France in 1923, 1941 and in 1959 (TENÈZE, PACQUELIN, ANDRIEU, 2018). However, as the Palestra was situated among mundane holiday resorts on the coast in Normandy, which was dotted with casinos and theaters, this institution for the Hebertist natural method has hardly been studied (PHILIPPE-MEDEN, 2014), which may lead to approximation issues and misunderstandings. Based on a descriptive analysis of the Palestra, we will show how a holistic, innovative pedagogy was developed combining physical education, leisure and a natural lifestyle and how it will contribute to a radical change not only in body exercise techniques for women, but also the imagery of women between the two world wars in France.

Abstract This research paper tries to clarify the relationships between the notions of opinion, reason and emotion from the prospective of a democratic renewal of critical theories. This is done in several stages from Platon’s Republic, Pierre Bourdieu’s sociology, Jacques Rancière’s democratic philosophy, Gabriel Tarde’s social science of opinion and various other sources which explore a humble and sensitive reason (Charles Péguy, Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Geneviève Fraisse, the care theorists and Sophie Wahnich).

Resumen El presente artículo trata de clarificar las relaciones entre las nociones de opinión, razón y emociones en la perspectiva de una renovación democrática de las teorías críticas. El asunto pasa por varias etapas: La República de Platón, la sociología de Pierre Bourdieu, la filosofía democrática de Jacques Rancière, la ciencia social de la opinión de Gabriel Tarde y otras varias fuentes que bosquejan una razón humilde y sensible. (Charles Péguy, Max Horkheimer y Theodor Adorno, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Geneviève Fraisse, los teóricos del care y Sofía Wahnich).

Little attention has been paid to the Christian churches in memory studies in southern Africa. Using new and existing research, the paper proposes a first approach to this new field of enquiry, with special reference to southern African Christianity. The churches embody their memories in liturgies, canonisations, monuments, commemorative events and name-giving practices. They utilise what French historian Pierre Nora calls lieux de memoire (sites of memory). Commemorations reinforce identity, especially when identities are threatened by external forces, and they create social cohesion. By pointing at the past, they create meaning for the present. Churches, ecumenical bodies, religious movements and theological institutions articulate their memories in various ways. Memories can be lost and retrieved, contested or marginalised. When the context changes, in church as in society, memories which were oppositional at one point can become dominant or vice versa.

Reported in Haiti as early as 1923, Mansonella ozzardi is still a neglected disease ignored by the health authorities of the country. This review is an update on the geographic distribution of the coastal foci of mansonelliasis in Haiti, the epidemiological profile and prevalence rates of microfilariae in people living in endemic areas, the clinical impact of the parasite on health and the efficiency of the transmission of the parasite among three Culicoides biting-midge species identified as vectors in Haiti. Additionally, interest in establishing a treatment programme to combat this parasite using a single dose of ivermectin is emphasised.

RESUMO Aproximar teatro e esportes parece ser paradoxal na Europa, mas não no mundo chinês, onde nenhuma fronteira parece existir entre ambos. A história revela a interpenetração do teatro e dos esportes. Ora, a categorização das ciências faz com que objetos resultantes de sua fertilização cruzada sejam negligenciados, mas também partes de realidades sociais, econômicas e ideológicas, da vida cultural, do gosto das populações e de suas indústrias. Quatro temas são vislumbrados para abordar essa problemática: a interpretação das línguas do esporte e do teatro; o teatro como ornamentação do esporte; o esporte como preparação para as atividades teatrais; a natureza entre esportes e teatro.

ABSTRACT Bringing together theatre and sport may seem paradoxical in Europe, but not in China where there seems to be no boundary between the two. There have also been cross-links between theatre and sport in history. However, scientific categorisation has neglected the products of this cross-fertilization and with it entire social, economic, ideological and cultural realities as well as the interest areas of populations and related industries. We propose four themes to address this issue: cross-links between the language of sport and theatre; theatre as ornament of sport; sport to prepare for theatre professions; synergies between the nature of sport and theatre.

RÉSUMÉ Rapprocher théâtre et sports paraît paradoxal en Europe, mais pas dans le monde chinois où aucune frontière ne semble exister entre eux. L'histoire révèle l'interpénétration du théâtre et des sports. Or, la catégorisation des sciences fait que des objets résultants de leur fertilisation croisée sont négligés, mais aussi des pans de réalités sociales, économiques et idéologiques, de la vie culturelle, du goût des populations et de leurs industries. Quatre thèmes sont avancés pour aborder cette problématique: l'interpénétration des langues du sport et du théâtre; le théâtre comme ornementation du sport; le sport comme préparation aux métiers du théâtre; la nature entre sports et théâtre.

OBJECTIVE: To report the findings of a second external quality assessment of Giemsa-stained blood film microscopy in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, performed one year after the first. METHODS: A panel of four slides was delivered to diagnostic laboratories in all provinces of the country. The slides contained: (i) Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes; (ii) P. falciparum trophozoites (reference density: 113 530 per µl); (iii) Trypanosoma brucei subspecies; and (iv) no parasites. FINDINGS: Of 356 laboratories contacted, 277 (77.8%) responded. Overall, 35.0% of the laboratories reported all four slides correctly but 14.1% reported correct results for 1 or 0 slides. Major errors included not diagnosing trypanosomiasis (50.4%), not recognizing P. falciparum gametocytes (17.5%) and diagnosing malaria from the slide with no parasites (19.0%). The frequency of serious errors in assessing parasite density and in reporting false-positive results was lower than in the previous external quality assessment: 17.2% and 52.3%, respectively, (P < 0.001) for parasite density and 19.0% and 33.3%, respectively, (P < 0.001) for false-positive results. Laboratories that participated in the previous quality assessment performed better than first-time participants and laboratories in provinces with a high number of sleeping sickness cases recognized trypanosomes more frequently (57.0% versus 31.2%, P < 0.001). Malaria rapid diagnostic tests were used by 44.3% of laboratories, almost double the proportion observed in the previous quality assessment. CONCLUSION: The overall quality of blood film microscopy was poor but was improved by participation in external quality assessments. The failure to recognize trypanosomes in a country where sleeping sickness is endemic is a concern.

OBJETIVO: Informar de los resultados de una segunda evaluación de calidad externa de la microscopía en frotis de sangre con tinción de Giemsa en la República Democrática del Congo, llevada a cabo un año después de la primera. MÉTODOS: Se entregó un panel de cuatro muestras a laboratorios de diagnóstico de todas las provincias del país. Las muestras contenían: (i) gametocitos Plasmodium falciparum; (ii) trofozoítos P. falciparum (densidad de referencia: 113 530 por µl); (iii) subespecies de Trypanosoma brucei y (iv) ningún parásito. RESULTADOS: De los 356 laboratorios contactados, respondieron 277 (77,8%). En total, el 35,0% de los laboratorios informó de las cuatro muestras correctamente, pero el 14,1% informó de resultados correctos en una o ninguna de las muestras. Los principales errores consistieron en no diagnosticar la tripanosomiasis (50,4%), no reconocer los gametocitos P. falciparum (17,5%) y diagnosticar malaria en la muestra sin parásitos (19,0%). La frecuencia de errores graves en la evaluación de la densidad de los parásitos y en informar de resultados con falsos positivos fue menor que en la evaluación de calidad externa anterior. El 17,2% y el 52,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,001), en el caso de la densidad de los parásitos y el 19,0% y el 33,3%, respectivamente (P < 0,001), en lo que atañe a los resultados con falsos positivos. Los laboratorios que participaron en la evaluación de calidad anterior tuvieron mejores resultados que los laboratorios noveles, y los laboratorios de provincias con un número alto de casos de la enfermedad del sueño reconocieron los tripanosomas con mayor frecuencia (el 57,0% frente al 31,2%, P < 0,001). Las pruebas de diagnóstico rápido de la malaria fueron utilizadas por el 44,3% de los laboratorios, casi el doble de la proporción observada en la evaluación de calidad anterior. CONCLUSIÓN: La calidad general de la microscopía en frotis de sangre se reveló escasa, pero experimentó mejoras gracias a la participación en evaluaciones de calidad externas. La incapacidad para reconocer los tripanosomas en un país en que la enfermedad del sueño es endémica es un problema.

OBJECTIF: Présenter les résultats d'une deuxième évaluation externe de la qualité de la microscopie de frottis sanguins colorés au Giemsa en République démocratique du Congo, réalisée un an après la première. MÉTHODES: Un ensemble de quatre lames a été livré aux laboratoires de diagnostic dans toutes les provinces du pays. Les lames contenaient: (i) des gamétocytes de Plasmodium falciparum, (ii) des trophozoïtes de P. falciparum (densité référence: 113 530 par µl), (iii) la sous-espèce Trypanosoma brucei, et (iv) aucun parasite. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 356 laboratoires contactés, 277 (77,8%) ont répondu. Dans l'ensemble, 35,0% des laboratoires ont correctement étudié les quatre lames mais 14,1% d'entre eux ont obtenu les bons résultats pour 1 ou 0 lame. Parmi les erreurs majeures figuraient le non-diagnostic de la trypanosomiase (50,4%), la non-reconnaissance des gamétocytes de P. falciparum (17,5%) et le diagnostic du paludisme sur la lame dépourvue de parasite (19,0%). La fréquence de ces erreurs graves dans l'évaluation de la densité parasitaire et de l'obtention de résultats faussement positifs est inférieure à celle de la précédente évaluation externe: 17,2% et 52,3%, respectivement, (P < 0,001) pour la densité parasitaire et 19% et 33,3%, respectivement, (P < 0,001) pour les résultats faussement positifs. Les laboratoires ayant participé à la précédente évaluation de la qualité ont obtenu de meilleurs résultats que les nouveaux participants, et les laboratoires situés dans les provinces présentant un nombre élevé de cas de maladie du sommeil ont mieux reconnu les trypanosomes (57,0% contre 31,2%, P < 0,001). Les tests de diagnostic rapide du paludisme ont été utilisés par 44,3% des laboratoires, presque le double de la proportion observée dans la précédente évaluation de la qualité. CONCLUSION: La qualité globale de la microscopie de frottis sanguin était faible, mais a été améliorée par la participation à l'évaluation externe de la qualité. L'incapacité à reconnaître les trypanosomes dans un pays où la maladie du sommeil est endémique est une préoccupation majeure.

Research works at Quebrada de los Burros evidenced an archaic settlement on the littoral of Tacna (peru). this campsite of fishermen and shell-gatherers (QLB) has been occupied during early and middle holocene, between 10,000 and 6,000 Bp. Broad horizontal excavations revealed six successive occupation levels, with living floor layouts, hearths, specialized activity areas and accumulations of food waste of marine origin mixed with bones of terrestrial fauna. as a whole, these remains indicate that, since the beginning, the inhabitants relied intensively on ocean resources but they also exploited the lomas. Lithic tools and bone instruments attest a sophisticated equipment for fishing, gathering and hunting. two phases of occupation were characterized, the first during early holocene (ca. 10,000 to 7,000 Bp), the second during middle holocene (ca. 7,000 to 6,000 Bp). the analyses suggest, for the first phase, a succession of short occupations and possible contacts with high lands and, on the contrary, a more intensive occupation, nearly all the year round, for the second, during which raw lithic materials came from nearby areas. a close relation with chilean sites Chinchorro is confirmed.

Las excavaciones en la Quebrada de los Burros, en el litoral de Tacna (Perú), han descubierto un campamento de pescadores y recolectores de moluscos (QlB) ocupado entre 10.000 y 6.000 a.p., durante el Holoceno Temprano y Medio. seis niveles sucesivos de ocupación han sido excavados por decapado, cada uno contando con aterrazamientos del piso, fogones, áreas de actividad diversas y acumulaciones de desechos alimenticios marinos, mezclados con restos de fauna terrestre. El conjunto de estos desperdicios demuestra que, desde el inicio de la ocupación, los ocupantes dominaban perfectamente el medio marítimo pero explotaban también las lomas. los instrumentos de piedra y hueso atestiguan un ajuar muy sofisticado de pesca, recolección y caza. dos fases de ocupación fueron singularizadas, la primera durante el Holoceno Temprano (ca. 10.000 a 7.000 a.p.), la segunda durante el Holoceno Medio (ca. 7.000 a 6.000 a.p.). los análisis efectuados sugieren para la primera fase una sucesión de ocupaciones breves y posibles contactos con las tierras altas y, al contrario, una ocupación más intensa y casi permanente a lo largo del año para la segunda fase, durante la cual las materias primas líticas proceden todas de sectores cercanos. una estrecha relación con sitios chilenos Chinchorro está confirmada.

Purpose: Post-prostatectomy incontinence remains a problem, even in minor or moderate degrees. In order to minimize surgical morbidity and costs, sling procedures have been proposed. The authors have developed a new transobturator male sling procedure and report their results after one-year experience. Materials and methods: A prospective multicenter study was conducted in 50 patients with minor or moderate post-prostatectomy incontinence. Evaluation of TOMS™ two arms bulbar sling was based on clinical form assessment, The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire (ICIQ) and short-form (SF) 36 questionnaire pre and postoperatively and at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Results: The surgical procedure was considered easy to perform and no post-surgery complication was reported except for one retention. The median number of pads per day decreased significantly from 2 pads before surgery (95% CI: 2 - 3) to 1 during the follow-up period (95% CI: 0 - 2 at 360 days), and at 3 months patients using none or one pad per day were 30% and 32% respectively. The SF 36 continence and quality of life score improved from a median of 100 (95% CI: 83 - 133) to 300 (95% CI: 167 - 375), and the median ICIQ incontinence and quality of life score decreased from 15 (95% CI: 14 - 16) to 8 (95% CI: 5 - 12) one year after surgery. Conclusion: The transobturator perineal male sling TOMS™ is an attractive simple sling technique for moderate or minor post-prostatectomy stress incontinence and offers an improvement in the quality of life.

Cet article propose de lire "autrement" l'oeuvre de Bourdieu dans la perspective d'une fidélité critique qui tient compte tant de ses grandes réussites que de ses limitations. Il souligne deux contributions importantes de Bourdieu: la critique sociale orientée dans un sens post-marxiste, et la théorie de l'habitus comprise comme opérateur d'individualisation, c'est-à-dire en tant que "singulier collectif". Parmi les limitations, se détachent le "penchant dominocentriste" dont les divers concepts s'articulent autour de l'idée centrale de domination, et la tentation de réduire le singulier au collectif à travers quelques formulations du concept méme d'habitus. La notion de "fidélité critique" se fonde sur une affirmation de Bourdieu lui-même qui précise que "l'on ne doit pas attendre d'une pensée limitée l'accés à une pensée sans limites."

This article suggests reading "in a different way" Bourdieu's work, from a critical loyalty perspective that points out both its great achievements and its limitations. Within this perspective two of Bourdieu's basic contributions are outlined: social criticism orientated in a post-Marxist sense, and the theory of the habitus understood as operator of individualization, that is to say, as "singular collective ". Among the limitations: the "dominocentric slope" (its diverse concepts are articulated around the central idea of domination) and the temptation of reducing the singular to the collective through some formulations of the concept of habitus are emphasized. The notion of "critical loyalty" is based on Bourdieu's assertion which specifies that "it is not necessary to expect from a limited thought the access to an unlimited thought ".

El presente artículo se propone leer "de otra manera" la obra de Bourdieu, desde la perspectiva de una fidelidad crítica que señala, tanto sus grandes logros como sus limitaciones. Dentro de esta perspectiva se destacan dos contribuciones primordiales de Bourdieu: la crítica social orientada en sentido post-marxista, y la teoría del habitus entendido como operador de individualización, es decir, como "singular colectivo". Entre las limitaciones, se destacan la "pendiente dominocéntrica" (sus diversos conceptos se engarzan en la idea central de dominación) y la tentación de reducir lo singular a lo colectivo a través de algunas formulaciones del mismo concepto de habitus. La idea de "fidelidad crítica" se basa en una afirmación del propio Bourdieu, según la cual "no se debe esperar de un pensamiento limitado el acceso a un pensamiento sin límites".

Cet article propose une vue synthétique du traitement de la question de l'individualité. Il revient d'abord sur le débat traditionnel entre individualisme méthodologique et holisme méthodologique afin de proposer une troisième voie: le relationisme méthodologique (en termes de relations sociales). Il s'arrête ensuite sur une approche classique et méconnue, celle de Marx, en la comparant avec celle de Durkheim. Puis il s'intéresse aux problématisations nouvelles avancées par la sociologie contemporaine. Il décrit ainsi trois grandes figures abordés également par la philosophie: l'identité-mêmeté (Paul Ricoeur) / l'habitus (Pierre Bourdieu), l'identité-ipseité (Paul Ricoeur) / le quant à soi (François Dubet) et les moments de subjectivation (Jocelyn Benoist) / les états d'agapè (Luc Boltanski). Dans une dernière partie, il oriente le projecteur sur les apports et les limites d'un des paradigmes sociologiques les plus dynamiques: la sociologie dispositionnelle (et, plus précisément, sur Pierre Bourdieu et sur Bernard Lahire). Est mis alors en évidence ce que ce cadre heuristique peut perdre scientifiquement dans les amalgames entre "les dispositions" et "les compétences". Tout au long de ce cheminement sociologique, l'auteur s'efforce de clarifier les présupposés anthropologiques (au sens de conceptions philosophiques a priori des propriétés des humains et de la condition humaine) alimentant les différentes démarches sociologiques, dans la perspective d'un dialogue transfrontalier entre sociologie et philosophie. Au but de parcours s'ouvre une lecture pluridimensionnelle de l'individualité contre les exclusives des sociologies unidimensionnelles.

This article presents a synthetic view of the sociological approach to the question of individuality. Firtsly, proceeding from the traditional debate between methodological individualism and methodological holism, it proposes an alternative approach: methodological relationalism (in terms of social relationships). Further on, it considers a classical and unrecognized approach: that of Marx, in comparison with that of Durkheim. More further on, it turns its interest towards new problematisations in contemporary social science. It thus describes three main figures, also present in the philosophical approach: sameness-identity (Paul Ricoeur) / habitus (Pierre Bourdieu), selfhood-identity (Paul Ricoeur) / quant à soi (François Dubet) and moments of subjectivation (Jocelyn Benoist) / moments of agapè (Luc Boltanski). Lastly, it recenters its atention aroun one of the more dynamic paradigms: the dispositional sociology (and, more precisely, around Pierre Bourdieu and Bernard Lahire). It achieves thus to put forward what the heuristic frame could loose, in cientific terms, due to the confusion between 'dispositions' and 'competences'. All along this sociological course, the author tries to clarify the anthropological a priori (understood as a priori philosophical perceptions of the human condition) fueling diverse sociological approaches. He does so in the perspective of a transborder dialogue between sociology and philosophy. At the end of the course appear the posibility of a multi-dimensional interpretation of individuals, opposed to one-dimensional sociologies.

Este artículo propone una visión sintética del tratamiento sociológico de la cuestión de la individualidad. Se ocupa, en primer término, del debate tradicional entre individualismo metodológico y holismo metodológico, con el objeto de proponer una tercera vía: el relacionalismo metodológico (en términos de relaciones sociales). Se detiene luego en un enfoque clásico y poco conocido, el de Marx, comparándolo con el de Durkheim. Por último se interesa en las nuevas problematizaciones presentadas por la sociología contemporánea, describiendo tres grandes figuras abordadas igualmente por la filosofía: la identidad-mismidad (Paul Ricoeur) / habitus (Pierre Bourdieu); la identidad-ipseidad (Paul Ricoeur) / el "en cuanto a sí" (François Dubet); y, por último, los momentos de subjetivación (Jocelyn Benoist) / los estados de agapè (Luc Boltanski). En la última parte orienta el proyector sobre los aportes y los límites de uno de los paradigmas sociológicos más dinámicos: la sociología disposicional (y, más precisamente, sobre Pierre Bourdieu y Bernard Lahire). A este propósito pone de manifiesto lo que este marco heurístico puede perder científicamente al amalgamar entre sí las "disposiciones" y las "competencias". A lo largo de este itinerario sociológico, el autor se esfuerza por clarificar los presupuestos antropológicos (en el sentido de concepciones filosóficas a priori de las propiedades de lo humano y de la condición humana) que alimentan los diferentes procedimientos sociológicos, en la perspectiva de un diálogo transfronterizo entre sociología y filosofía. Al final del itinerario, se abre la posibilidad de una lectura pluridimensional de la individualidad, contra las lecturas exclusivistas de las sociologías unidimensionales.

Ce texte est une présentation synthétique des caractéristiques essentielles des théories monétaires post keynesiennes. Nous désirons montrer que, dans le cadre institutionnel actuel, ces caractéristiques constituent un outil pour appréhender le fonctionnement de nos économies monétaires. Lorsqu'on dérègle les relations entre les sphères financière et productive, les post keynésiens justifient le besoin de promouvoir une régulation monétaire et financière. Dans l'analyse on peut voir clairement que la politique monétaire ne doit pas être exclusivement dédiée à la lutte contre l'inflation, car en plus le grand désintérêt de l'Etat n'exempte pas de risques la stabilité du système dans sa totalité.

Este texto é uma apresentação sintética das caraterísticas esenciais das teorias monetárias poskeynesianas. Desejamos mostrar que, no marco institucional atual, tais teorias constituiem uma ferramenta útil para apreender o funcionamento de nossas economias monetárias. Ao descompor as relações entre as esferas financeira e produtiva, os poskeyesianos justificam a necessidade de promover a regulação monetária e financeira. Na análise pode se ver claramente que a política monetária não deve estar exclusivamente dedicada à luta contra a inflação, além do que o grande desentendimento do Estado não exime de riscos na sua totalidade à estabilidade do sistema.

This text is a synthetic presentation of the essential characteristics of post-Keynesian monetary theories. We wish to show that, in the current institutional framework, they constitute a useful instrument for understanding the functioning of our monetary economics. By breaking down the relations between the financial and productive spheres, the post-Keynesians justify the need to promote monetary and financial regulation. In the analysis, we see clearly that monetary policy should not be dedicated exclusively to combating inflation, as well as the fact that the State's great non-interventionism does not exempt the overall system from risks to its stability.

Este texto es una presentación sintética de las características esenciales de las teorías monetarias poskeynesianas. Deseamos mostrar que, en el marco institucional actual, éstas constituyen una herramienta útil para aprehender el funcionamiento de nuestras economías monetarias. Al descomponer las relaciones entre las esferas financiera y productiva, los poskeynesianos justifican la necesidad de promover una regulación monetaria y financiera. En el análisis se ve con claridad que la política monetaria no debe estar exclusivamente dedicada a la lucha contra la inflación, además de que el gran desentendimiento del Estado no deja exenta de riesgos a la estabilidad del sistema en su totalidad.

O conhecimento epidemiológico deve ser amplamente disponível para assegurar saúde pública para todos. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever o que tem sido realizado na área de telecomunicação epidemiológica na Universidade de Montreal, nos últimos quatro anos, e discutir as perspectivas do uso da telecomunicação no aprimoramento da saúde pública. Inicialmente foi criada uma mala direta de metodologia epidemiológica. A seguir, organizamos um seminário virtual de epidemiologia teórica. Tem se defendido que os recursos virtuais são indispensáveis para a disseminação da informação na área da saúde pública, entretanto, diversos pontos cruciais devem ser resolvidos antes que esse objetivo seja alcançado, entre eles aspectos culturais, políticos e éticos relacionados ao projeto. Este estudo apresenta uma análise crítica das conseqüências, para os países em desenvolvimento, da expansão da telecomunicação global na área da saúde pública.

Epidemiologic knowledge must be available widely in order to insure public health for all worldwide. The objective of this paper is to account for what has been done in epidemiologic telecommunication during the previous four years at the University of Montreal, and to discuss the future of telecommunication for public-health enhancement. The first step taken has been to set up a mailing list in methodological epidemiology. The second step has been the launching of a virtual seminar in theoretical epidemiology. It is advocated that virtuality is mandatory to disseminate public health information, but that several crucial issues must be solved before the objective can be reached, among them the cultural, political and ethical issues of the endeavor. This paper includes a critical appraisal of the consequences for under-developed countries of the worldwide telecommunication expansion in the field of public health.